1 In 4 US Children Raised By Single Parent

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), a Paris-based public policy group, has released a report on family welfare which shows that 25.8 percent of US children are raised in a single family household, a number that is expected to increase by 8 percent by 2025 to 2030. This figure is the highest of any developed country in the world. Ireland was second (24.3 percent), followed by New Zealand (23.7 percent). Experts believe a variety of factors contributed to this trend, including a greater acceptance of single-parent families and having children out of wedlock, higher teenage pregnancy rates, economics, and lack of policies to help support families. The US lacks governmental policies, including childcare at work and national paid maternity leave, which are commonplace in other countries. US childhood poverty rates are also expected to climb from 20 percent to 23.5 percent in the coming years. However, the issue isn't so clear cut. Willem Adema, a senior economist at OECD, states that, "The financial strain causes all sorts of other strain, so ultimately it might contribute to family dissolution. At the same time, it might bring some families together. I suspect that the response differs across families.

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MIT DNA Robot

M I B S I T B T

DNA projected to have applications in nanotechnology

It is known that the primary function of DNA in our body cells is to carry genetic information from one generation to the next. However, some scientists have also predicted that DNA can also be effectively utilized as an ideal building material for nanoscale structures. Such DNA based structures can then have applications in drug delivery systems, biosensors, artificial photosynthesis and more. 

Over the past few years, scientists have also tried to build DNA structures on a large scale. Five years ago, a new design strategy called DNA origami was laid out by Caltech computational bioengineer Paul Rothemund which involved the construction of two-dimensional shapes from a DNA strand folded over on itself and secured by short "staple" strands. Few years later, William Shih's lab at Harvard Medical School translated this two dimensional concept to three dimensions. This permitted for the design of complex curved and bent structures that opened new avenues for synthetic biological design at the nanoscale. However, automation of the design process was a major obstacle to these complex designs.

To overcome this hurdle of automation, a team led by biological engineer Mark Bathe at MIT, has developed software that allows easier predictions of the three-dimensional shape that will result from a given DNA template. The software doesn't automate the design process completely but then it makes it considerably easier to design complex 3-D structures."We ultimately seek a design tool where you can start with a picture of the complex three-dimensional shape of interest, and the algorithm searches for optimal sequence combinations," says Bathe, the Samuel A. Goldblith Assistant Professor of Applied Biology. "In order to make this technology for nanoassembly available to the broader community — including biologists, chemists, and materials scientists without expertise in the DNA origami technique — the computational tool needs to be fully automated, with a minimum of human input or intervention."Bathe et al  have described this software in detail in the Feb. 25 issue of Nature Methods. 

DNA is primarily made up of four nucleotide bases known as A, T, G and C, which make the molecule easy to program. According to nature's rules, A binds only with T, and G only with C. "With DNA, at the small scale, you can program these sequences to self-assemble and fold into a very specific final structure, with separate strands brought together to make larger-scale objects," Bathe says. Rothemund's origami design strategy is based on the idea of getting a long strand of DNA to fold in two dimensions, as if laid on a flat surface. In his paper outlining the method, he utilized a viral genome (approximately 8,000 nucleotides) to create 2-D stars, triangles and smiley faces. That single strand of DNA serves as a "scaffold" for the rest of the structure. Hundreds of shorter strands, each about 20 to 40 bases in length, combine with the scaffold to hold it in its final, folded shape.

Bathe also stated that DNA is better suited to self-assembly than proteins since physical properties of proteins are difficult to control and that they are sensitive to their environment. His new software program interfaces with  another software program from Shih's lab called caDNAno.  caDNAno allows users to create scaffolded DNA origami from a two-dimensional layout manually. According to Rothemund, the CanDo program should allow DNA origami designers to more thoroughly test their DNA structures and tweak them to fold correctly. "While we have been able to design the shape of things, we have had no tools to easily design and analyze the stresses and strains in those shapes or to design them for specific purposes," he says. At the molecular-level, stress in the double helix of DNA decreases the folding stability of the structure and introduces local defects, both of which have hampered progress in the scaffolded DNA origami field.

Morning Heart Attacks Cause More Damage

Researchers publishing in the journal Heart revealed that heart attacks which occur in the morning, between 6am and noon, have potential for causing more widespread damage to heart tissues than those which occur at other times during the day. The researchers looked only at patients who suffered a specific type of heart attack called STEMI (ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction), during which blood supply to the heart is blocked for a relatively long period of time. Patients who suffered STEMI heart attacks in the morning were found to have 21% more dead heart tissue than those who had heart attacks between 6pm and midnight. Previous studies have shown that one's risk for heart attack can be up to 40% higher in the mornings. Scientists theorize this is due to many factors, including a sudden increase in adrenaline (which increases blood pressure and heart rate), an acute increase in the work the heart needs to do, and more likelihood for blood clots to occur. All these factors may also contribute to the findings in this recent study.

 

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Low Vitamin D Levels May Explain Higher Rates of Hypertension In Blacks

A new study published in the current Journal of General Internal Medicine suggests that low vitamin Dlevels may, in part, explain why blacks have higher rates of high blood pressure when compared to whites in the US. A growing body of evidence has suggested that vitamin D receptors are found in various parts of the body, including the arteries and the heart, and a deficiency of vitamin D may somehow negatively affect the cardiovascular system, leading to issues such as hypertension. And, indeed, in the current study scientists showed that, overall, blacks had significantly lower levels of vitamin D in their blood than whites and low blood levels of vitamin D were linked to elevated systolic blood pressures. According to the researchers, "We also know that blood pressure is highest among Blacks living in the US, where UV exposure is low…these findings point towards vitamin D deficiency as a potential contributor to higher rates of vascular dysfunction – here hypertension – among Blacks living in the US. Further work is required to determine whether vitamin D supplementation could reduce these racial disparities."

 

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Meningitis Vaccine Now Approved For Infants

The U.S. FDA announced this past week that the vaccine Menactra has been approved for use in children as young as 9 months of age. Previously, the vaccine was approved for use in people ages 2 to 55. Menactra is used in the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by the bacteriaNeisseria meningitidis, a leading cause of meningitis in children. "The highest rate of meningococcal disease occurs in children under one year of age. With today's approval, Menactra can now be used in children as young as 9 months of age to help prevent this potentially life-threatening disease," said Karen Midthun, M.D., director of FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. The safety of Menactra in this age group was evaluated in four clinical trials in which over 3,700 participants received the vaccine. The most common adverse events reported in children who received Menactra at 9 months and 12 months of age were injection-site tenderness and irritability. Occurrence of fever was comparable to other vaccines routinely recommended for young children. [via FDA]

Q: Friends of mine have a toddler who only eats bagels, pizza, oatmeal, apples and toast – no meats, pastas or vegetables. How healthy is this?

A: At some point in time most children will go through phases where they may be considered "picky eaters." In fact, being a picky eater is part of normal toddlerhood and very seldom will eating issues turn into eating disorders later on. What most parents consider eating problems, in fact, may be very normal behavior for children between the ages of two to six. Children this age will often go through food binges, consuming only one or two foods for a stretch of days, or only a handful of foods for a month or two. Rest assured that this is very common behavior for this age group and most children will not have trouble meeting nutritional requirements. Think about it from a larger perspective. Rather than strictly enforcing the child to have foods from each food group at every meal, it's more important that the child has a variety of foods over the period of days to weeks. Furthermore, if your child is meeting developmental milestones, then their dietary consumption is likely to be just fine. Toddlers and young children will need approximately 1000 to 1600 calories each day at minimum. A rough estimate of required caloric intake can be calculated by starting with 1000 calories and adding 100 calories for each year of their age. For example, if your child is 5 years old he or she will require at least 1500 calories (1000+500) per day. If you have any concerns about your child's eating habits or development, it is very important to speak to your pediatrician or family physician.

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What Gut Type Are You?

Would it surprise you to find out that you are a part of a group you probably didn't even know existed? Astounding new research, published in the journal Nature, shows that humans have three distinct gut types. Specifically, we each have one of three distinct varieties of bacterial ecosystems living inside our gastrointestinal tract. According to lead researcher Peer Bork of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, "We found that the combination of microbes in the human intestine isn't random, our gut flora can settle into three different types of community — three different ecosystems, if you like." The gut types are named after the predominant bacteria in each type: Bacteroides, Prevotella and Ruminococcus. According to New Scientist, "People with a bacteriode ecosystem have a bias towards bacteria that get most of their energy from carbohydrates and proteins. Prevotellas specialise in digesting sugar-covered proteins in mucin, the mixture of viscous proteins in the gut – an ability shared by people with a ruminococcus ecosystem." To our further surprise one's ecosystem type isn't dependent on your location, age, diet, or genetic makeup. Scientists aren't exactly sure how it is that we come to have only three gut profiles. And the exact implications of this is as yet unclear. What we do know is that people with Bacteriodes-predominant gut make high amounts of vitamins C, B2, B5 and H, and prevotellan-predominant guts make more vitamin B1 and folic acid. This research certainly suggests that the relationship we have with our gut is much more complex then previously though

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Low Sunlight Exposure and Mono Linked To MS

New research from Oxford University, published in the current issue of the journal Neurology, finds that the combination of low sunlight exposure and having a history of mononucleosis raises the risk for developing multiple sclerosis (MS). It's well-known that the incidence of MS is generally greater as you move away from the equator to regions that receive less sunlight. As such, MS is far more common in places like Scandinavia, Canada, and the Northern U.S. In the current study scientists used NASA satellite data on UV radiation exposure to calculate sunlight exposure in various parts of the UK, in addition to scouring all National Health Service hospital admissions records for cases of MS and mononucleosis. What they found was that 72% of all cases of MS patients lived in areas of relative low UV exposure and had a history of mononucleosis. It's believed that vitamin D (which is produced by our skin in reaction to UV light exposure) plays a protective role in preventing MS. However, more research is underway to further understand the association between mononucleosis and MS

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Happy Earth Day

Happy Earth day! Our planet has been facing problems like climate change and air and water pollution. This planet is all we have and it needs to be protected from destructive development. 

Click to see the video

The planet needs heroes who protect it from human greed. Every step taken to keep the earth safe is an investment for a safe future.

Greenpeace India has been working to keep the planet safe. To maintain its independence, Greenpeace does not accept money from government or business houses. All the work is funded by contributions madeby individuals like you. There can't be a better day than today, to pledge your support to the planet. Here's what you can do:

Watch this inspiring video and then make a contribution to strengthen the fight to keep this planet safe. 

http://www.greenpeace.in/donate/earth_day_donate_to_greenpeace_india.php

What more, you can get a cool environment hero shirt for the contribution you make. 

Thanks a billion!

 

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Que:I just had an abortion and was offered an “Anti-D” injection because my blood group is A- (minus). Do I need this?

A: Aside from the main blood groups (A,B, AB or O), there is another component to your blood type. This is called the Rhesus (Rh) group. One can be Rh-positive or Rh-negative. This is why you'll see blood types designated as "A+" or "B-", etc. Your Rh status is determined by the Rh group of your parents. If one of your parents is Rh-positive, then you have a chance of being Rh-positive. People who are Rh-positive have a substance called D-antigen on the outside of their red blood cells, Rh-negative people don't.

Your question addresses the concern we have when an Rh-negative mother has a baby who is Rh-positive. If at any time during the pregnancy there is mixing of maternal and fetal blood, the mother's immune system may recognize the baby's Rh-positive blood as foreign and produce 'anti-D antibodies' against it. These 'anti-D antibodies' can then attack the baby's red blood cells, which then can lead to problems with the pregnancy, including spontaneous abortion.

Therefore, in women who just underwent a spontaneous abortion and are known to be Rh-negative, an Anti-D injection [Rho(D) immune globulin or Rhogam] is recommended in the event that the fetus was Rh-positive. The Anti-D injection will essentially "clean up" the mother's blood of any Rh-positive blood that may have come from the baby before mom's immune system has a chance to produce antibodies which can stay around in her system can cause issues with future pregnancies. This will help prevent future spontaneous abortions which are caused by the differences between mom and baby's Rhesus groups.

Manuka Honey May Fight Superbugs

Research presented this past week at the UK Society for General Microbiology meeting suggests that manuka honey may have a role in defending our bodies from antibiotics-resistent bacteria. Manuka honey is harvested in New Zealand from bees which feed on the manuka plant. For centuries humans have known about the healing properties of this honey and, in fact, purified forms of it are currently available on the market as wound-care products. However, the researchers wanted to find out whether or not the honey would help with infections caused by certain hospital bacteria. To their surprise, the manuka honey was able to prevent attachment of bacteria to tissue, effectively preventing them from forming biofilms, a property of bacteria which allows them to multiply and escape attack by antibiotics. The scientists believe that manuka honey, in conjunction with current antibiotics, could mean greater efficacy against multi-drug resistant bacteria such as MRSA and pseudomonas, among othe

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Ovarian Cancer Starts In The Fallopian Tubes

Scientists at the renowned Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston have discovered that ovarian cancer actually starts in the fallopian tubes, not the ovaries. Previous studies have suggested that ovarian cancer may originate elsewhere in the body, but this is the first study to demonstrate how the cancer has its origins inside the fallopian tubes, which are located adjacent to the ovaries. Ovarian cancer is sometimes called the silent killer because its early symptoms can be so subtle and commonplace. These symptoms can include unexplained discomfort in the pelvic region, indigestion, bloating, pain with sexual intercourse and abdominal pain. Each year, approximately 200,000 women worldwide are diagnosed with ovarian cancer and about 115,000 die of the disease. The hope is that by understanding how cancers start, new screening tests may improve rates of early detection. The study is published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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Suicide Rates Correlate With Economy

A new CDC study published in the American Journal of Public Health demonstrates the correlation between suicide and periods of economic downturn. The study shows, as one would expect, that more people commit suicide when the economy falls and less people do so when the economy rises. After looking at various economic cycles between the years of 1928 and 2007, researchers noted this trend during the most significant economic periods listed below. The link between the two is most pronounced among people between the ages of 25 and 64 – individuals of prime working ages.

According to the report:

During periods of economic crisis the overall suicide rate rose, examples include:

• 1929-1933 – the Great Depression
• 1937-1938 – the end of the New Deal
• 1973-1975 – the Oil Crisis
• 1980-1982 – The Double-Dip Recession

During periods when the economy did well the overall suicide rate dropped, examples include:

• 1939-1945 – World War II
• 1991-2001 – The longest period of economic expansion and low unemployment

More Than Half of Americans Use Supplements

A report released yesterday from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that over half of all Americans use some form of dietary supplement. That increase, from 42% in 1988 to 53% in 2006, has made nutritional supplements a $27 billion industry. An estimated 39% of Americans take multivitamins, making them the most popular supplements. The largest increase in use for any supplement was calcium among older women. Currently, it's estimated that more than two-thirds of women over 60 years of age take supplemental calcium. What the report doesn't tell is is whether all these supplements are doing us any good. Are we, in fact, living healthier lives? Dietary supplements are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the same way as drugs, and the manufacturers do not have to prove any safety or effectiveness. Yet, many of us take for granted that they will make us healthier, which is not the case. Taking a multivitamin will never provide you with all the nutrition your body needs. There are compounds found only in fresh fruits and vegetables which we cannot put into a capsule – yet. Furthermore, taking a supplement will never make up for poor diet and lifestyle choices, no matter how much you take

Study: Physicians Not Always Objective In Decision Making

Study: Physicians Not Always Objective In Decision Making

A new study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine suggests that physicians may not always be objective when it comes to decision making. Almost 1000 physicians were asked to make theoretical decisions for patients and themselves. The majority of those surveyed reported that they would choose treatment options for their patients which had the least risk of death, but higher rate of side effects. However, if they were to choose for themselves, the majority of physicians would opt for interventions which had greater risk of death, but lower risk of side effects. The researchers concluded that, "The act of making a recommendation changes the ways that physicians think regarding medical choices." This type of decision-making is logical since, in most cases, patients would prefer to live with side effects than risk death. However, the thought of experiencing certain side effects yourself may make you shy away from the interventions which could cause them. So what's the take home message? Your physician may not always be objective. According to the study, "…the advice you get could depend on whether your doctor is thinking about what you should do, or instead thinking about what he or she would do in your situation."

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Hair Braids May Lead To Baldness

A new study, published this week on the website of the Archives of Dermatology, shows an association between weaves and braids and a type of permanent hair loss called central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA). Researchers believe that these so-called "traction" hairstyles, which exert a great deal of stress on the scalp due to how tight the hairs are pulled, can lead to the development of pus-filled bumps which later become infected by bacteria and lead to scarring and thinning of hair. "Making matters worse, women who are already losing their hair are more likely to favor these hairstyles because they help disguise thinning hair, the study notes." The study doesn't show that these hairstyles directly cause CCCA, just that there may be an association. Furthermore, the study only included women. Those with CCCA were more likely to have balding maternal grandfathers, as well as diabetes. Based on the study the average age of women with CCCA was 58. However, the condition often presents itself among women in their 40s, and sometimes as young as their 20s and 30

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Is erectile dysfunction a problem with the veins?

A: Erectile dysfunction (ED) has many causes. Because male sexual arousal involves a complex coordination between the brain, peripheral nervous system, blood vessels (veins and arteries), muscles, hormones, as well as one's emotional state, anything that goes wrong with any of these components could contribute to ED. When it comes to blood vessels it's more common for arterial problems to cause ED, rather than venous problems. The most common arterial problem which contributes to ED is atherosclerosis – the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaques which build up inside them. Yes, this is the same atherosclerosis that can lead to heart disease. Atherosclerosis reduces the amount of blood that arteries can deliver to the heart and penis which, over time, can lead to heart disease and ED. As a matter of fact, because the arteries supplying the penis are much smaller than those supplying the heart, symptoms of atherosclerosis may first manifest as ED. Some even say that ED can be an early sign of heart disease. In this case, part of the treatment for ED is the same as for atherosclerotic heart disease – lifestyle changes, including weight loss, stopping smoking, and healthy dieting. More serious cases may warrant further investigation and treatment.

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Can Generic and Mail Order Drugs Save Us Billions?

The 2010 Drug Trend Report, a study on medication usage in the U.S., suggests that most patients prefer generic drugs and mail-order pharmacies. According to the report, sponsored by Express Scripts, 82% of patients who use brand name medications actually prefer generics. As well, 70% of patients who use retail pharmacies to fill medications for chronic conditions prefer to use a home delivery pharmacy because of discounts offered by their insurance companies. The study suggests that if physicians were to heed patient preferences in this manner, it could eliminate up to 33% of wasteful dollars spent on pharmacy-related costs annually. This amounts to a total of $134 billion dollars. Express Scripts is a publicly traded American company with a revenue of $25 billion and net income of over $800 million in 2009.

 

Sudden Cardiac Death Among Student Athletes More Common Than Previously Thought

A new study from the University of Washington suggests that the rate of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in college athletes is higher than previously thought. SCD is the leading medical cause of death and death during exercise in NCAA student-athletes. However, there is currently no formal measurement of SCD numbers. In fact, recent estimates of SCD have been based on questionable data sources, such as public media reports, and are believed to be underestimated. The current study attempts to more accurately identify cases of SCD by use of insurance claims databases, media reports, as well as NCAA information databases. Data from these sources between the years 2004 to 2008 showed there were 273 deaths among NCAA athletes, with 45 of them dying from SCD. Public media sources alone only identified 25 of these. Because of this, the study authors are emphasizing the importance of accurate data and its role in prevention of death from SCD. "Accurate assessment of SCD incidence is necessary to shape appropriate health policy decisions and develop effective strategies for prevention," they said.

 

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Heart Disease Plagued Ancient Egyptians Too

New research presented this week at the annual scientific session of the American College of Cardiology show that coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as coronary heart disease, is not an ailment of modernity. Coronary artery disease refers to the hardening and narrowing of blood vessels of the heart due to atherosclerosis, a process whereby plaques made of cholesterol, fat, calcium and minerals deposit and harden in the arteries. This can eventually lead to heart attacks and strokes. The scientists used CT scans to view the coronary arteries of 52 mummies and found that 20 of them had definite plaques and 8 of them had plaques in locations where they expected arteries to be. Each CT scan was read and confirmed by eight different cardiologists. The researchers say this is the earliest evidence we have of CAD in humans, putting into question the notion that CAD is due to our modern diet and sedentary lifestyle. One of the mummies was a princess that lived over 3,500 years ago. Perhaps she, too, led a pretty tame and glutinous life.

 

 

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U.S. Birth Rate Declines

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) recently released their latest numbers on the U.S. national birth rate, which demonstrated a 4% decline between 2007 and 2009 – the highest rate of decline in any two-year period during the past 30 years. The sharpest rate of decline (9%) was among women aged 20 to 24. By region, Western and Southeastern states saw the greatest decline. The cause of the trend is likely multifactorial. Some researchers attribute the decline to the current recession, while new research from Stanford University suggest that more college students are reporting that they are virgins. Iowa State University sociologist Teresa Downing-Matibag theorizes that technology may also play a role, suggesting that virtual sex may be competing with the real thing. "They can go to those websites and have sexual relationships watching a webcam. They can still be a virgin and have 100 different partners online through chat rooms or webcams," she says. And what about younger children? Data from the NCHS shows that for women between 15-19 years old, the birth rate fell 8%, to 39.1 babies per 1,000 women

Western Notions of Obesity Globalizing

A new study in the April, 2011 issue of the journal Current Anthropology suggests that the stigma associated with obesity often encountered in Western cultures has spread rapidly to countries that have traditionally valued large bodies. Researchers from Arizona State University surveyed adults in 10 countries around the world, including Argentina, Iceland, Mexico, Paraguay, New Zealand, the UK and the US, on their attitudes toward obesity. The results were compared with respondents in countries which traditionally had positive attitudes toward fatness, including American Samoa, Puerto Rico and Tanzania. The researchers found that negative attitudes toward large bodies in were present in every country they surveyed. In fact, they said that overweight individuals are increasingly regarded as lazy, ugly, undesirable, or lacking in self control. The study didn't investigate the cause of this rapid shift in attitude. However, they speculate that one contributing factor may actually be our anti-obesity public health messages. It remains to be seen what kind of societal impacts these negative notions of obesity will have on these cultures. [via Medical News Today]

 

 

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