Immunology Glossary A for GATE & CSIR NET JRF

acquired immune response: Immunity mediated by lymphocytes and characterized by antigen-specificity and memory.

acute phase proteins: Serum proteins, mostly produced in the liver, which rapidly change in concentration (some increase, some decrease) during the initiation of an inflammatory response.

adjuvant: Any substance which nonspecifically enhances the immune response to antigen.

affinity (intrinsic affinity): The strength of binding (affinity constant) between a receptor (e.g. one antigen-binding site on an antibody) and a ligand (e.g. epitope on an antigen).

affinity chromatography: The use of immobilized antibody (or antigen) to select specific antigen (or antibody) from a mixture. The purified ligand is then released by disrupting for antibody–antigen interaction, for example by changing the pH.

allele: Variants of a polymorphic gene at a given genetic locus.

allelic exclusion: The phenomenon whereby, following successful rearrangement of one allele of an antigen receptor gene, rearrangement of the other parental allele is suppressed, thereby ensuring each lymphocyte expresses only a single specificity of antigen receptor (although this does not occur for a chains in T-cells).

allergen: An antigen which causes allergy.

allergy: IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, e.g. asthma, eczema, hayfever and food allergy.

allogeneic: Refers to the genetic differences between individuals of the same species.

allograft: Tissue or organ graft between allogeneic individuals.

allotype: An allelic variant of an antigen which, because it is not present in all individuals, may be immunogenic in members of the same species which have a different version of the allele.

alternative pathway (of complement activation): Activation pathway involving complement components C3, Factor B, Factor D and Properdin which, in the presence of a stabilizing activator surface such as microbial polysaccharide, generates the alternative pathway C3 convertase C 3 bBb.

anaphylatoxin: A substance (e.g. C3a, C4a or C5a) capable of directly triggering mast cell degranulation.

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Forensic Scientists Can Tell Your Age from a Drop of Blood

Forensic scientists of the future may soon have a new tool at their disposal. Given a drop of blood, researchers in the Netherlands have roughly determined the age of the person it came from. But for now, it really is rough–the researchers found they could only estimate a person's age to within 9 years.

Currently, a crime scene investigator who obtained a spot of blood can check its DNA to see if it matches a known suspect or someone in a law enforcement database, and can use the DNA to determine a few other characteristics like gender and eye color. But age is tougher to estimate. Lead researcher Manfred Kayser, who works on forensic molecular biology at Erasmus University Medical Centre, explains that the best methods of determining age rely on testing bones or teeth, but he wanted to find a method that didn't require skeletal remains.

While scouring the scientific literature for a molecular signature of age present in blood, Kayser and his team realized that the organ that pumps out T cells, the thymus, is gradually replaced with fat tissue as people age. Previous research has shown that this process leaves behind genetic artefacts. For the study, published in Current Biology, the researchers examined the T-cells of 195 Dutch volunteers who ranged in age from a few weeks old to 80 years old. They found that they could reliably estimate a person's age to within 9 years not only in fresh blood samples, but also in samples that were a year and a half old.

Kayser doesn't expect that simply identifying a suspect's age, give or take a decade, will break open many cold cases. But the technique could be combined with other sources of evidence to rule suspects in or out. The approach could also help investigators to identify victims from disasters, he says. Field ecologists could adopt the technique to identify the ages of animals based on blood that they leave behind

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Some MICROBIOLOGY MCQ'S for GATE 2011

Q.1Animalcules discovered by:
(a) Louis pasture
(b) Antonyvon leeuwenhoek
(c) Joseph lister
(d) none of these
 
Q.2 Needham,published experimental data on :
(a) Abiogenesis
(b) Biogenesis
(c) genesis
(d) All of the above
 
Q.3 Which protein is used as a Anticacer drug;
(a) pectin
(b) genin
(c) lectin
(d) sevin
 
Q.4 Muscardine diseases of silk worm was caused by:
(a) fungus
(b) bacteria
(c) virus
(d) protozoa
 
Q.5 The concept of spontaneous generation was revived for the last time by :
(a) john needham
(b) loues pasture
(c) pouchet
(d) none of these
 
Q.6 The flask used in spontaneous generastoin experimental was :
(a) flat flask
(b) round flask
(c) swan-necked flask
(d) All of the above
 
Q.7 Petridish was discovered by :
(a) louis pasteur
(b) richad j.petri
(c) jenner
(d) none of the above

Q.8 Father of bacteriology & protozoology is
(a) Antonym von leeuwenhoek
(b) John needham
(c) Alexender fluming
(d) Bordet
 
Q.9 Penicillium is extracted from:
(a) Penicillium crysogenum
(b) Penicillium notatum
(c) Aspergillus niger
(d) yeast
 
Q.10 tubercli bacilli is discovered by: 
(a) Iwanowasky
(b) P.Eherilich
(c) Robert koch
(d) none of these
 
Q.11 Soil microbiology deals with the :
(a) Study of soil
(b) Study of bacteria
(c) Study of fungi
(d) none of these
 
Q.12 Anitgen- antibody reaction with micro-organisms deals with:
(a) Immunology
(b) Biochemistry
(c) Molecular biology
(d) R-DNA technology
 
Q.13 Modern biotechnology involves;
(a) Manupulation of micro-organisms
(b) Cutting of micro-organisms
(c) Study of micro-organisms
(d) All of the above
 
Q.14 CDC understand for :
(a) Center for disease control
(b) Center for drug control
(c) Causative drug control
(d) None of the above
 
Q15. HB Vaccine s used for ;
(a) HIV
(b) HBV
(c) HB
(d) HBA
 
Q.16. Electromagnetic field is generated in
(a) Electronic balance
(b) Analytical balance
(c) Physical balance
(d) All of the above
 
Q.17. R.P.M. understands for
(a) Rotation per minute
(b) Rotation per motion
(c) Rock per motion
(d) None of the above
 
Q18. The Elecron have wavelength around
(a) 4-5 n.m.
(b) 0.4-0.5n.m.
(c) 0.2-0.3n.m.
(d) 0.04-0.05n.m.
 
Q19. New glasswares are slightly alkaline so soak in:
(a) 5% Hcl
(b) 5% NaOH
(c) 2% Hcl
(d) 2% NaOH
 
Q20. 3% Lysol is used for the clearing of
(a) Pasteur pipette
(b) Test tube
(c) Centrifuge tube
(d) Graduated pipette
 
Q21. The population of micro-organism that inhibit skin & mucous membranes of normal healthy persons is called:
(a) Natural flora
(b) Normal flora
(c) Normal microbiota
(d) All of the above
 
Q22. Which of the following bacteria consititutes the normal flora of intestine of man?
(a) E. Coli
(b) H. Influenzae
(c) Salmonella
(d) Campylobacter Jejuni
 
Q23. Respiratry infection is transmitted by
(a) Contect
(b) Inhalation
(c) Igestion
(d) Inoculation
 
Q24. Ingestion is the
(a) Exogenous route
(b) Endogenus route
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
 
Q25. The definition of chronic is
(a) Persist for a long duration
(b) Persist for a short duration
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
 
Q26. What is the meaning of Fulminating
(a) Occur initially with severe intemity
(b) Occur suddenly with severe intemity
(c) Short term effective
(d) None of the above
 
Q27. Influenza virus attached to the specific mucoprotein receptors with the help of
(a) Haemagglutinin spokes
(b) Neuraminadase Spikes
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
 
 
Q28. Some micro-organisms produce poisonous substances known as:
(a) Enzymes
(b) Toxins
(c) Coagulator
(d) Hyluronidase
 
 
 
Q.29 Algarian race of sheep is immune to :
(a)  Anthrax
(b) E. Coli 
(c)  Samomella
(d) Shigella
 
Q.30 Aquired immunity is called
(a) Natural
(b)  Adaptive
(c)  Racial
(d) none of these
 
Q31. The unit of measurement of becteria is
(a) Micro
(b) Micrometer
(c) Nano meter
(d) Picometer
 
Q32. Which is the biochemical test of bacteria
(a) Catalase
(b) Staining
(c) Morphology
(d) None of these
 
Q33. Which is sexual spore
(a) Sporengoi spore
(b) Oospore
(c) Both
(d) None of these
 
Q4. Which is asexual spore
(a) Conidia
(b) Arthrospore
(c) Sporangio spore
(d) All of above
 

Q35. Simmon's citrate agar is used for the testing of
 
(a) Citrate utilization
(b) Nitrate reduction
(c) Casein hydrolysis
(d) None of the above
 
Q36. 0.5% a-naphthylamine is used in the
 (a) Citrate utilization
(b) Nitrate reduction
(c) Casein hydrolysis
(d) None of the above
14P-4
 
Q37. Sulpher is decomposed to form-----by bacteria
(a) H2S
(b) H2O
(c) H2A
(d) H2B
 
Q38. Indole is break down product of
(a) Typton
(b) Tryptophan
(c) Both
(d) None of these
 
Q39. Glucose fermentation is tested by test
 (a) HR
(b) VR
(c) VDRL
(d) RL
 
Q40. Reagent used in catalase test is
(a) H2O
(b) H2O2
(c) H2S2
(d)HS2
 
Q41. Coagulase test is for differentiation of
(a) Streptococcus
(b) Staphylococcus
(c) Both
(d) None of these
 
Q42. Micrococci are
(a) Gram +ve                                 (b) Gram-ve
(c) Both                                         (d)None of these

Q43. Stephylococus grows on pH+
(a) 7.4
(b) 7.6
(c) 7.4 – 7.6
(d) 7.6 – 7.8
 
 
Q44. Corynebacteria are
(a) Nonacid fast
(b) Acid fast
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
 
Q45. Haemolytic activity present in
(a) Nutrient agar plate
(b) Mac Conkey's agar plate
(c) Blood agar plate
(d) None of the above
FROM---------
BHARAT AGRAWAL

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DNA Replication Subjective Questions I

1. How labeled C-14 nucleotide will be inserted into DNA if 14"Carbon of carbonic acid is used in cell growth?
2. What are the agents used to regulate Pu nucleotide biosynthesis? Show the specific sites of regulation.
3. What is the experimental evidence that suggest about the existence of various stages in interphase of cell cycle?
4. DNA synthesis occur at several sites to complte the process in a limited period. Explain the experimental evidences.
5. What are the reactive places available on DNA polymerse I?

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Applications are invited for Junior Research Fellow (JRF) in the Department of Botany.

Shikshana Prasaraka Mandali's Ramnarain Ruia College of Arts and
Science Matunga, Mumbai 400 019

Applications are invited for Junior Research Fellow (JRF) in the
Department of Botany.

Title of the project: Development of polyherbal combination as a
potential immunomodulator and evaluation of its efficacy as
antimycobacterial agent.

Funding agency: BRNS, DAE.

No. of post: One.

Fellowship/stipend: Rs 16,000 p.m. (consolidated) for first two years
and Rs 18,000 p.m. for the third year.

Tenure: Three years.

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Aravinda Bio

Aravinda Bio invites applications for training & live projects  on
Bioinformatics, Cheminformatics, Molecular Modeling & Drug Designing,
Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD), Bioperl Programming, Clinical
Research, Clinical Data Management (CDM) and SAS with clinical trials
in the Months of November, December-2010 & January-2011.  Interested
candidates can register their names by email or phone call. Limited
students in each batch. For more details just fill the enquiry form
available in our website. Email: enquiry@aravindabio.com,
aravindabio@yahoo.com or call 09391187818 (Raghu Raj). For more
details and previous batches photos visit our website: www.aravindabio.com.

Note: Clinical Research & Clinical Data Management by six years
professional working in top MNC, with 100% placement assistance.

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