important formulas

1. Molarity M = moles of solute * 1000 / Volume of solution
2. Molality m = moles of solute * 1000/ Mass of solvent in grams
3. Normality N = Gram equivalent weight of Solute * 1000 / Vol of solution
4. Normality = molarity * molecular mass/ equivalent weight
5. Mole fraction x = Moles of solute / (Moles of solute + Moles of Solvent)
6. Mole fraction of solute + Mole fraction of Solvent = 1
   
7. For acids:Normality  = Basicity * Molarity
8. For bases:Normality = Acidity * molarity
9. **Molarity = p * d * 10 / Molar mass (p = mass percentage, d = density of solution). This formula is generally used in laboratories to find the molarity of acids as no molarity is mentioned on the bottles only the purity and density is mention.
10. Normality = p * d * 10 / Equivalent weight
11. m = 1000 * M/ [(1000*d)-(M*gram molecular mass) of solute]
12. **Dilution formula: M1V1 = M2V2 and N1V1 = N2V2
13. **Resulting molarity of a solution is determined by the formula:  M = M1 .V1 + M2 .V2 / (V1 + V2)
14. **x2 = m M1 / (100 + m M1)
    x2 = mole fraction solute, m = molality, M1 = molar mass of solvent)
15. m = 1000 x2 / x1M1   ( x1= mole fraction of solvent)
16. **x2 =M .M1 / [(1000d - M.M2) + M.M1] (M = molarity, M1 = Molar mass of solvent, M2 = Molar mass of solute)
17. M = 100d .x2 / (x1 . M1 +  x2 .M2)

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SITBT