Lowry Protein Assay

Lowry Protein Assay

M I B S I T B T

Immunology Glossary A for GATE & CSIR NET JRF

acquired immune response: Immunity mediated by lymphocytes and characterized by antigen-specificity and memory.

acute phase proteins: Serum proteins, mostly produced in the liver, which rapidly change in concentration (some increase, some decrease) during the initiation of an inflammatory response.

adjuvant: Any substance which nonspecifically enhances the immune response to antigen.

affinity (intrinsic affinity): The strength of binding (affinity constant) between a receptor (e.g. one antigen-binding site on an antibody) and a ligand (e.g. epitope on an antigen).

affinity chromatography: The use of immobilized antibody (or antigen) to select specific antigen (or antibody) from a mixture. The purified ligand is then released by disrupting for antibody–antigen interaction, for example by changing the pH.

allele: Variants of a polymorphic gene at a given genetic locus.

allelic exclusion: The phenomenon whereby, following successful rearrangement of one allele of an antigen receptor gene, rearrangement of the other parental allele is suppressed, thereby ensuring each lymphocyte expresses only a single specificity of antigen receptor (although this does not occur for a chains in T-cells).

allergen: An antigen which causes allergy.

allergy: IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, e.g. asthma, eczema, hayfever and food allergy.

allogeneic: Refers to the genetic differences between individuals of the same species.

allograft: Tissue or organ graft between allogeneic individuals.

allotype: An allelic variant of an antigen which, because it is not present in all individuals, may be immunogenic in members of the same species which have a different version of the allele.

alternative pathway (of complement activation): Activation pathway involving complement components C3, Factor B, Factor D and Properdin which, in the presence of a stabilizing activator surface such as microbial polysaccharide, generates the alternative pathway C3 convertase C 3 bBb.

anaphylatoxin: A substance (e.g. C3a, C4a or C5a) capable of directly triggering mast cell degranulation.

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Forensic Scientists Can Tell Your Age from a Drop of Blood

Forensic scientists of the future may soon have a new tool at their disposal. Given a drop of blood, researchers in the Netherlands have roughly determined the age of the person it came from. But for now, it really is rough–the researchers found they could only estimate a person's age to within 9 years.

Currently, a crime scene investigator who obtained a spot of blood can check its DNA to see if it matches a known suspect or someone in a law enforcement database, and can use the DNA to determine a few other characteristics like gender and eye color. But age is tougher to estimate. Lead researcher Manfred Kayser, who works on forensic molecular biology at Erasmus University Medical Centre, explains that the best methods of determining age rely on testing bones or teeth, but he wanted to find a method that didn't require skeletal remains.

While scouring the scientific literature for a molecular signature of age present in blood, Kayser and his team realized that the organ that pumps out T cells, the thymus, is gradually replaced with fat tissue as people age. Previous research has shown that this process leaves behind genetic artefacts. For the study, published in Current Biology, the researchers examined the T-cells of 195 Dutch volunteers who ranged in age from a few weeks old to 80 years old. They found that they could reliably estimate a person's age to within 9 years not only in fresh blood samples, but also in samples that were a year and a half old.

Kayser doesn't expect that simply identifying a suspect's age, give or take a decade, will break open many cold cases. But the technique could be combined with other sources of evidence to rule suspects in or out. The approach could also help investigators to identify victims from disasters, he says. Field ecologists could adopt the technique to identify the ages of animals based on blood that they leave behind

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Some MICROBIOLOGY MCQ'S for GATE 2011

Q.1Animalcules discovered by:
(a) Louis pasture
(b) Antonyvon leeuwenhoek
(c) Joseph lister
(d) none of these
 
Q.2 Needham,published experimental data on :
(a) Abiogenesis
(b) Biogenesis
(c) genesis
(d) All of the above
 
Q.3 Which protein is used as a Anticacer drug;
(a) pectin
(b) genin
(c) lectin
(d) sevin
 
Q.4 Muscardine diseases of silk worm was caused by:
(a) fungus
(b) bacteria
(c) virus
(d) protozoa
 
Q.5 The concept of spontaneous generation was revived for the last time by :
(a) john needham
(b) loues pasture
(c) pouchet
(d) none of these
 
Q.6 The flask used in spontaneous generastoin experimental was :
(a) flat flask
(b) round flask
(c) swan-necked flask
(d) All of the above
 
Q.7 Petridish was discovered by :
(a) louis pasteur
(b) richad j.petri
(c) jenner
(d) none of the above

Q.8 Father of bacteriology & protozoology is
(a) Antonym von leeuwenhoek
(b) John needham
(c) Alexender fluming
(d) Bordet
 
Q.9 Penicillium is extracted from:
(a) Penicillium crysogenum
(b) Penicillium notatum
(c) Aspergillus niger
(d) yeast
 
Q.10 tubercli bacilli is discovered by: 
(a) Iwanowasky
(b) P.Eherilich
(c) Robert koch
(d) none of these
 
Q.11 Soil microbiology deals with the :
(a) Study of soil
(b) Study of bacteria
(c) Study of fungi
(d) none of these
 
Q.12 Anitgen- antibody reaction with micro-organisms deals with:
(a) Immunology
(b) Biochemistry
(c) Molecular biology
(d) R-DNA technology
 
Q.13 Modern biotechnology involves;
(a) Manupulation of micro-organisms
(b) Cutting of micro-organisms
(c) Study of micro-organisms
(d) All of the above
 
Q.14 CDC understand for :
(a) Center for disease control
(b) Center for drug control
(c) Causative drug control
(d) None of the above
 
Q15. HB Vaccine s used for ;
(a) HIV
(b) HBV
(c) HB
(d) HBA
 
Q.16. Electromagnetic field is generated in
(a) Electronic balance
(b) Analytical balance
(c) Physical balance
(d) All of the above
 
Q.17. R.P.M. understands for
(a) Rotation per minute
(b) Rotation per motion
(c) Rock per motion
(d) None of the above
 
Q18. The Elecron have wavelength around
(a) 4-5 n.m.
(b) 0.4-0.5n.m.
(c) 0.2-0.3n.m.
(d) 0.04-0.05n.m.
 
Q19. New glasswares are slightly alkaline so soak in:
(a) 5% Hcl
(b) 5% NaOH
(c) 2% Hcl
(d) 2% NaOH
 
Q20. 3% Lysol is used for the clearing of
(a) Pasteur pipette
(b) Test tube
(c) Centrifuge tube
(d) Graduated pipette
 
Q21. The population of micro-organism that inhibit skin & mucous membranes of normal healthy persons is called:
(a) Natural flora
(b) Normal flora
(c) Normal microbiota
(d) All of the above
 
Q22. Which of the following bacteria consititutes the normal flora of intestine of man?
(a) E. Coli
(b) H. Influenzae
(c) Salmonella
(d) Campylobacter Jejuni
 
Q23. Respiratry infection is transmitted by
(a) Contect
(b) Inhalation
(c) Igestion
(d) Inoculation
 
Q24. Ingestion is the
(a) Exogenous route
(b) Endogenus route
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
 
Q25. The definition of chronic is
(a) Persist for a long duration
(b) Persist for a short duration
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
 
Q26. What is the meaning of Fulminating
(a) Occur initially with severe intemity
(b) Occur suddenly with severe intemity
(c) Short term effective
(d) None of the above
 
Q27. Influenza virus attached to the specific mucoprotein receptors with the help of
(a) Haemagglutinin spokes
(b) Neuraminadase Spikes
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
 
 
Q28. Some micro-organisms produce poisonous substances known as:
(a) Enzymes
(b) Toxins
(c) Coagulator
(d) Hyluronidase
 
 
 
Q.29 Algarian race of sheep is immune to :
(a)  Anthrax
(b) E. Coli 
(c)  Samomella
(d) Shigella
 
Q.30 Aquired immunity is called
(a) Natural
(b)  Adaptive
(c)  Racial
(d) none of these
 
Q31. The unit of measurement of becteria is
(a) Micro
(b) Micrometer
(c) Nano meter
(d) Picometer
 
Q32. Which is the biochemical test of bacteria
(a) Catalase
(b) Staining
(c) Morphology
(d) None of these
 
Q33. Which is sexual spore
(a) Sporengoi spore
(b) Oospore
(c) Both
(d) None of these
 
Q4. Which is asexual spore
(a) Conidia
(b) Arthrospore
(c) Sporangio spore
(d) All of above
 

Q35. Simmon's citrate agar is used for the testing of
 
(a) Citrate utilization
(b) Nitrate reduction
(c) Casein hydrolysis
(d) None of the above
 
Q36. 0.5% a-naphthylamine is used in the
 (a) Citrate utilization
(b) Nitrate reduction
(c) Casein hydrolysis
(d) None of the above
14P-4
 
Q37. Sulpher is decomposed to form-----by bacteria
(a) H2S
(b) H2O
(c) H2A
(d) H2B
 
Q38. Indole is break down product of
(a) Typton
(b) Tryptophan
(c) Both
(d) None of these
 
Q39. Glucose fermentation is tested by test
 (a) HR
(b) VR
(c) VDRL
(d) RL
 
Q40. Reagent used in catalase test is
(a) H2O
(b) H2O2
(c) H2S2
(d)HS2
 
Q41. Coagulase test is for differentiation of
(a) Streptococcus
(b) Staphylococcus
(c) Both
(d) None of these
 
Q42. Micrococci are
(a) Gram +ve                                 (b) Gram-ve
(c) Both                                         (d)None of these

Q43. Stephylococus grows on pH+
(a) 7.4
(b) 7.6
(c) 7.4 – 7.6
(d) 7.6 – 7.8
 
 
Q44. Corynebacteria are
(a) Nonacid fast
(b) Acid fast
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
 
Q45. Haemolytic activity present in
(a) Nutrient agar plate
(b) Mac Conkey's agar plate
(c) Blood agar plate
(d) None of the above
FROM---------
BHARAT AGRAWAL

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DNA Replication Subjective Questions I

1. How labeled C-14 nucleotide will be inserted into DNA if 14"Carbon of carbonic acid is used in cell growth?
2. What are the agents used to regulate Pu nucleotide biosynthesis? Show the specific sites of regulation.
3. What is the experimental evidence that suggest about the existence of various stages in interphase of cell cycle?
4. DNA synthesis occur at several sites to complte the process in a limited period. Explain the experimental evidences.
5. What are the reactive places available on DNA polymerse I?

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Applications are invited for Junior Research Fellow (JRF) in the Department of Botany.

Shikshana Prasaraka Mandali's Ramnarain Ruia College of Arts and
Science Matunga, Mumbai 400 019

Applications are invited for Junior Research Fellow (JRF) in the
Department of Botany.

Title of the project: Development of polyherbal combination as a
potential immunomodulator and evaluation of its efficacy as
antimycobacterial agent.

Funding agency: BRNS, DAE.

No. of post: One.

Fellowship/stipend: Rs 16,000 p.m. (consolidated) for first two years
and Rs 18,000 p.m. for the third year.

Tenure: Three years.

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Aravinda Bio

Aravinda Bio invites applications for training & live projects  on
Bioinformatics, Cheminformatics, Molecular Modeling & Drug Designing,
Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD), Bioperl Programming, Clinical
Research, Clinical Data Management (CDM) and SAS with clinical trials
in the Months of November, December-2010 & January-2011.  Interested
candidates can register their names by email or phone call. Limited
students in each batch. For more details just fill the enquiry form
available in our website. Email: enquiry@aravindabio.com,
aravindabio@yahoo.com or call 09391187818 (Raghu Raj). For more
details and previous batches photos visit our website: www.aravindabio.com.

Note: Clinical Research & Clinical Data Management by six years
professional working in top MNC, with 100% placement assistance.

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Molecular Biology CSIR NET Paper 2 Questions

Hi friends,
                 These are few questions from csir net paper 2 help me sort the answers

1. Why dna replication occur in 5'-3' and not in 3'-5' ? Explain.
2. Why ppl with Xeroderma pigmentosum develop neurological symptoms.
3. Differentiate transcription from transactivation
4. why the clamp loader in E.coli DNA pol III located assymetrically on the holoenzyme
5. What's the effect of leader peptide sequence deletion on trp operon regulation
6. whats the chemical difference between groups joined by dna pol and dna ligase.experimentally demonstrate it.
7. what wil happen if TATA sequence is absent in the eukaryotic gene

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Cell Biology Multiple Choice Questions for GATE

1. Which of the following in not true of the nuclear envelope?A. The nuclear envelope is exactly like other cellular membranes.
B. The nuclear envelope separates the genetic material from the cytoplasm.
C. The nuclear envelope is a pair of concentric membranes.
D. The nuclear envelope is studded with pores.

2. Which cytoplasmic fibrils are most like the nuclear lamins?A. Microtubules
B. Microfilaments
C. intermediate filaments
D. actomyosin

3. What kind of molecules must pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?A. DNA
B. Protein
C. Lipids
D. Carbohydrates

4. Which statement best characterizes the nuclear localization signal?A. The NLS is typically a small molecular weight metabolic intermediate.
B. The NLS is a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids on a protein's N terminus.
C. The NLS is one or two stretches of basic amino acids on a protein's C-terminus.
D. The NLS is a steroid that binds to DNA.

5. Which sequence represents increasing levels of chromosomal organization, from most dispersed to most condensed?A. nucleosomes–30 nm filaments–supercoiled loops–mitotic chromosomes
B. nucleosomes–supercoiled loops–30 nm filaments–mitotic chromosomes
C. nucleosomes–30 nm filaments–mitotic chromosomes–supercoiled loops
D. mitotic chromosomes–30 nm filaments–supercoiled loops–nucleosomes

6. When chromatin is treated with nonspecific nucleases, what is the length of the resulting pieces of DNA?A. random numbers of base pairs
B. about 60 base pairs
C. about 8 base pairs
D. about 200 base pairs

7. Which of the following statements about histones is not true?A. Histones are very similar between species.
B. Histones have many basic amino acids.
C. Histones are rich in lysine and arginine.
D. Each histone has one single gene that codes for it.

8. In mammalian cells, the DNA of the centromere is characteristic of:A. facultative heterochromatin.
B. constitutive heterochromatin.
C. Euchromatin.
D. dispersed chromatin.

9. Why are adult women genetic mosaics?A. Inactivated X chromosomes are all derived from the male parent.
B. Inactivated X chromosomes are all derived from the female parent.
C. Inactivated X chromosomes can be from either the male or the female parent.
D. None of these are correct.

10. What do telomeres do?A. They protect the chromosomes from degradation by nucleases.
B. They prevent the ends of chromosomes from fusing with one another.
C. They are required for complete chromosomal replication.
D. All of these are correct.

11. When all or a piece of a chromosome becomes attached to another chromosome, the aberration is called a(n):A. inversion.
B. translocation.
C. deletion.
D. duplication.

12. If there were a mutation in the regulatory gene of an inducible promoter rendering the protein incapable of binding to the repressor, then:A. the structural genes would always be expressed.
B. the structural genes would never be expressed.
C. the structural genes would only be expressed in the presence of the inducer.
D. the structural genes would only be expressed in the absence of the inducer.

13. Which of the following is a difference between inducible versus repressible operons?A. In an inducible operon, the inducer binds to the regulator protein.
B. In a repressible operon, the corepressor-regulator complex binds to the operator.
C. In a repressible operon, all the structural gene products have related functions.
D. In an inducible operon, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter.

14. Which of the following is not a characteristic of transcription factors?A. Transcription factors always have two fold rotational symmetry.
B. Active transcription factors are commonly dimers.
C. Transcription factors are rich in basic amino acids.
D. Transcription factors have one of a few DNA-binding motifs.

15. Eukaryotes regulate gene expression at all of the following levels except:A. transcription.
B. translation.
C. RNA processing.
D. All of these are correct.

16. To stimulate transcription, enhancer sequences:A. must be within a few base pairs of the gene they enhance.
B. must be within a few hundred base pairs of the gene they enhance.
C. can be tens of thousands of base pairs away from the genes they enhance.
D. will not function if they are moved experimentally.

17. Coactivators assist in transcriptional activity by:A. interacting with general transcription factors.
B. modifying the activity of RNA polymerase II directly.
C. Changing chromatin structure to make transcription of certain genes more accessible.
D. All of these are correct.

18. Alternate splicing means that:A. the same gene can code for several different proteins.
B. several different genes can code for the same protein.
C. gene expression can be regulated at the level of transcription.
D. pieces of DNA can move around within the genome.

19. Which of the following statements is true?A. A cell can potentially make fewer different proteins than the number of different genes it contains.
B. A cell can potentially make only the same number of different proteins as the number of different genes it contains.
C. A cell can potentially make more different proteins than the number of different genes it contains.
D. None of these are correct.

20. The longevity of mRNA is related to:A. the length of the poly (A) tail.
B. the 5' cap on the mRNA.
C. All of these are correct.
D. None of these are correct

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Immunology Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is not characteristic of an innate immune response?A. Inflammation
B. increase in blood levels of specific antibodies
C. increase in phagocytic cells at the site of infection
D. activation of complement

2. List the order in which the events involved in humoral immunity occur:
I B cell activation by TH cell
II B cell proliferation
III Antigen processing and display by APC
IV TH cell activation by professional APC
V Antibody production and secretion

A. III-IV-I-II-V
B. III-II-IV-V-I
C. V-III-II-I-IV
D. IV-III-II-I-V

3. According to the widely-accepted clonal selection theory:A. all the antibodies you will ever be able to make are already present in lymphoid tissue.
B. most of your lymphoid cells will never be recruited by antigen to produce antibodies.
C. cells in the lymph tissues look alike under the microscope, but differ in their affinity for foreign proteins.
D. All of these are correct.

4. Spleen cells from a mouse are separated and passed over column A containing beads coated with an antigen that the mouse has never encountered. The cells that are not retained by column A are poured over column B containing beads coated with an antigen the mouse has encountered in its life. What happens?A. A few cells stick to column A, but none stick to column B.
B. Many cells stick to column A, but only a few stick to column B.
C. No cells stick to column A, but many stick to column B.
D. A few cells stick to column A, but many stick to column B.

5. You are studying a particular type of immune cell, but you are not sure which type it is. It is a relatively large, ovoid cell and has an extensive array of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Biochemical studies indicate that your cells lack any surface cluster designation (CD) proteins. What kind of cell might you have?A. plasma cell
B. TH lymphocyte
C. natural killer cell
D. dendritic cell

6. Of the following cell types, which ones function in both innate and acquired immune responses and as "professional" antigen presenting cells?A. Dendritic cells
B. CTLs
C. TH lymphocytes
D. B cells

7. TH lymphocytes activate macrophages, CTLs, and B cells, but what activates TH cells?A. macrophages and/or dendritic cells
B. TH cells (i.e., self-activation)
C. IL-1 and IL-2
D. All of these are correct.

8. The _______ portion of an antibody molecule determines the antigen binding specificity, whereas the _______ portion determines the class to which it belongs.A. Heavy variable, light constant
B. IgM, IgG
C. light and heavy variable, heavy constant
D. light variable, heavy variable

9. Antibodies present in breast milk are taken up by the infant's stomach via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Which portion of the antibody molecule is most likely recognized by the infant's receptors?A. CH
B. VL
C. VH
D. CL

10. Which of the following is not a source of genetic diversity in immunoglobulin genes?A. multiple V exons and J exons in the DNA germ line
B. variability in V-J joining
C. genetic transposition
D. enzymatic insertion of nucleotides by deoxynucleotide transferase

11. The genetic rearrangements that occur when antibody-producing cells mature areA. temporary; the original genetic sequences are restored after antibody production ceases.
B. phenotypic; they do not involve the DNA.
C. permanent; a cell that has undergone genetic rearrangement is forever limited in the kinds of antibodies it can produce.
D. nonexistent; they are an artifact of the techniques used to study antibody production.

12. The significance of class switching is that the B cell lineage canA. recognize the same antigen but perform different effector functions.
B. perform the same effector function on different antigens.
C. convert to a T cell lineage.
D. All of these are correct.

13. The B cell receptor is to the intact antigen as the T cell receptor is to __________.A. humoral immunity.
B. cell-mediate immunity.
C. processed antigen fragments.
D. the intact antigen, also.

14. Professional antigen presenting cells have ________, whereas most other cells have ________.A. MHC I; MHC I and II
B. MHC II; MHC I
C. MHC I and II; MHC II
D. MHC I; MHC II

15. What is the purpose of antigen-presenting MHC proteins on cells that are not part of the immune system?A. They evolved to alert the immune system to the presence of intracellular pathogens.
B. They evolved to prevent tissue transplantation between individuals.
C. They evolved to rid the cell of endogenous protein.
D. They have no known function in non-immunological tissues.

16. The role of the Ii protein in class II MHC complexes isA. to display "self" proteins on the surface of APCs.
B. to target the MHC complex to the Golgi.
C. to provide targeting to lysosomes and a substrate for lysosomal enzymes.
D. to prevent the MHC from binding an endogenous peptide before it encounters an antigen fragment.

17. When you meet someone you find attractive, you might speak of having a certain "chemistry" with that person. What real chemistry might underlie your instinctive attraction?A. You share certain genes in common with that person.
B. Your different MHC genotypes would maximize the chances that any offspring you produce could recognize and fight pathogens.
C. Your similar MHC genotypes would ensure that you could donate tissue to that person in the event of an emergency.
D. You share the same abilities to make antibodies.

18. Which of the following is not a signal pathway between an activated B cell and a TH cell?A. CD40 and CD40 ligand
B. Cytokines
C. Neurotransmitters
D. neither CD40 and CD40 ligand nor Cytokines are signal pathways.

19. Of the following intracellular cascades invoked by signal transduction, which is novel to activation by cytokines?A. ras and the MAP kinase cascade
B. phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase (PI(3)K) and membrane-bound lipid messengers
C. phospholipase C and the IP3 and DAG pathway
D. the JAK-STAT pathway for activating tyrosine kinases

20. Strep throat is a bacterial infection that can be followed several weeks later by rheumatic fever, an autoimmune disorder affecting the heart. How can the bacterial infection lead to the autoimmune disorder?A. Antibodies against Streptococcus cross react with a glycoprotein on heart valves.
B. The heart valves are weakened by the massive immune response to the bacterium.
C. Streptococcus bacteria escape the immune system and take up residence in the heart.
D. Streptococcus stimulates the heart valves to make antibodies.

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COUNT DOWN STARTS FOR GATE 2011 (83 days left)

Hey Guys,
 Dak.. Dak.. Dak.. Your heart beats more, because the count down for GATE 2011 Started.
Let us discuss abt the preparations , we made till now.and also on the topics ,we havent concentrated much with other Gate 2011 Aspirants. we have 83 days left before us. Let us use this minimal time more efficiently.

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National Symposium On Immunobiotechnology at Nainital

National Symposium
On
Immunobiotechnology
December 17-19, 2010
Venue: Institute of Biotechnology
(G.B. Pant University of Agri. & Tech.)
Patwadangar -263 128 (Nainital)
Uttarakhand, India

Introduction
Immunity is the resistance of body against extraneous etiological factors of disease, which is afforded by the interaction of chemical, humoral and cellular reactions in the body. This is an integral part of the body without which one cannot think of life. During the process of evolution, nature has provided this defence mechanism in the body of all living creatures particularly of higher animals and man that protects them from physical, chemical and biological insults. It can be classified as natural or
paraspecific and acquired or specific immunity. Due to increase resistance in bacteria, the efficacy of antibacterial drugs is reduced, in such circumstances immunomodulation with an aim to increase the immune power of body remains only alternative to control the infections.

Various types of immunomodulatory products are described including physiological products, chemicals, microbial products, herbal products etc. of which herbal immunomodulators based on ancient Indial Ayurveda System of medicine were more effective without causing any side effects or drug related problem.immunomodulation is one of the most important alternatives in order to control the diseases with additional advantages of amplifying specific responses to vaccines. The immunomodulatory compounds also offer the prospects of reversing immunosuppression caused by stress, viruses or environmental pollution. The convention aims to bring researchers, scientists and students together to exchange
and share their experiences, new ideas and the research outcome through the presentation and discussion of papers of all possible aspects of Immunobiotechnology.

Society for Immunology and Immunopathology

The Society for Immunology and Immunopathology (SIIP) was established with the aim to provide a forum for its members to participate in conventions/symposia/workshops/ training etc. and to provide a recent updated literature in the form of journal/newsletter.

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Fwd: SCTIMST and RGCB jointly organizing a One-Day Symposium on Biosafety at Thiruvananthapuram

Sri Chitra Tirunal Institute of Medical Science and Technology

(SCTIMST) and Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB) are jointly
organizing a One-Day Symposium on Biosafety at M R Das Convention
Centre, RGCB, Thiruvananthapuram.

Different aspects about safety will be covered and will range from
safe handling of recombinant DNA technology to safe handling and
disposal of laboratory chemicals.The target audience for the symposium
are student researchers and faculty alike, as both will benefit from
the experience of a range of speakers. Speakers will be drawn from all
over the country.

Date: November 24, 2010

Venue:
M R Das Convention Centre,
Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
Registration charges for participation in the symposium is 100 rs /-

Last Date for Registration is Saturday, 20th November, 2010

More details @ http://www.rgcb.res.in/downloads/biosafety-symposium.pdf

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Amrita Institute of Medical Science

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100 Facts About DNA

Did you know….

1. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
2. DNA is part of our definition of a living organism.
3. DNA is found in all living things.
4. DNA was first isolated in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher.
5. James Watson and Francis Crick figured out the structure of DNA.
6. DNA is a double helix.
7. The structure of DNA can be likened to a twisted ladder.
8. The rungs of the ladder are made up of "bases"
9. Adenine (A) is a base.
10. Thymine (T) is a base.
11. Cytosine (C) is a base
12. Guanine (G) is a base.
13. A always pairs with T in DNA.
14. C also pairs with G in DNA.
15. The amount of A is equal to the amount of T, same for C and G.
16. A+T = T+G
17. Hydrogen bonds hold the bases together.
18. The sides of the DNA ladder is made of sugars and phosphate atoms.
19. Bases attached to a sugar; this complex is called a nucleoside.
20. Sugar + phosphate + base = nucleotide.
21. The DNA ladder usually twists to the right.
22. There are many conformations of DNA: A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA are the only ones found
in nature.
23. Every single cell in our body has DNA.
24. DNA is the "blueprint" of life.
25. Chromosomal or nuclear DNA is DNA found in the nucleus of cells.
26. Humans have 46 chromosomes.
27. Autosomal DNA is part of chromosomal DNA but does not include the two sex chromsomes -
X and Y.
28. One chromosome can have as little as 50 million base pairs or as much as 250 million base
pairs.
29. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is found in the mitochondria.
30. mtDNA is only passed from the mother to the child because only eggs have mitochondria, not
sperm.
31. There's a copy of our entire DNA sequence in every cell of our body with one exception.
32. Our entire DNA sequence is called a genome.
33. There's an estimated 3 billion DNA bases in our genome.
34. One million bases (called a megabase and abbreviated Mb) of DNA sequence data is roughly
equivalent to 1 megabyte of computer data storage space.
35. Our entire DNA sequence would fill 200 1,000-page New York City telephone directories.
36. A complete 3 billion base genome would take 3 gigabytes of storage space.
37. If unwound and tied together, the strands of DNA in one cell would stretch almost six feet but
would be only 50 trillionths of an inch wide.
38. In humans, the DNA molecule in a non-sex cell would have a total length of 1.7 metres.
39. If you unwrap all the DNA you have in all your cells, you could reach the moon 6000 times!
40. Our sex cells–eggs and sperm–have only half of our total DNA.
41. Over 99% of our DNA sequence is the same as other humans'.
42. DNA can self-replicate using cellular machinery made of proteins.
43. Genes are made of DNA.
44. Genes are pieces of DNA passed from parent to offspring that contain hereditary information.
45. The average gene is 10,000 to 15,000 bases long.
46. The segment of DNA designated a gene is made up of exons and introns.
47. Exons have the code for making proteins.
48. Introns are intervening sequences sometimes called "junk DNA."
49. Junk DNA's function or lack thereof is a source of debate.
50. Part of "junk DNA" help to regulate the genomic activity.
51. There are an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes in our genome.
52. In 2000, a rough draft of the human genome (complete DNA sequence) was completed.
53. In 2003, the final draft of the human genome was completed.
54. The human genome sequence generated by the private genomics company Celera was based
on DNA samples collected from five donors who identified themselves only by race and sex.
55. If all the DNA in your body was put end to end, it would reach to the sun and back over 600
times (100 trillion times six feet divided by 92 million miles).
56. It would take a person typing 60 words per minute, eight hours a day, around 50 years to type
the human genome.
57. scientist 09If all three billion letters in the human genome were stacked one millimeter apart,
they would reach a height 7,000 times the height of the Empire State Building.
58. DNA is translated via cellular mechanisms into proteins.
59. DNA in sets of 3 bases, called a codon, code for amino acids, the building blocks of protein.
60. Changes in the DNA sequence are called mutations.
61. Many thing can cause mutations, including UV irradiation from the sun, chemicals like drugs,
etc.
62. Mutations can be changes in just one DNA base.
63. Mutations can involve more than one DNA base.
64. Mutations can involve entire segments of chromosomes.
65. Single nucleotide polymorpshisms (SNPs) are single base changes in DNA.
66. Short tandem repeats (STRs) are short sequences of DNA repeated consecutively.
67. Some parts of the DNA sequence do not make proteins.
68. Genes make up only about 2-3% of our genome.
69. DNA is affected by the environment; environmental factors can turn genes on and off.
70. There are many ways you can analyze your DNA using commercially available tests.
71. Paternity tests compare segments of DNA between the potential father and child.
72. There are other types of relationship testing that compares DNA between siblings,
grandparents and grandchild, etc.
73. DNA tests can help you understand your risk of disease.
74. A DNA mutation or variation may be associated with a higher risk of a number of diseases,
including breast cancer.
75. DNA tests can help you understand your family history aka genetic genealogy.
76. DNA tests can help you understand your ethnic make-up.
77. DNA can be extracted from many different types of samples: blood, cheek cells, urine.
78. DNA can be stored either as cells on a cotton swab, buccal brush, or frozen blood or in
extracted form.
79. In forensics, DNA analysis usually looks at 13 specific DNA markers (segments of DNA).
80. The odds that two individuals will have the same 13-loci DNA profile is about one in one
billion.
81. A DNA fingerprint is a set of DNA markers that is unique for each individual except identical
twins.
82. Identical twins share 100% of their genes.
83. Siblings share 50% of their genes.
84. A parent and child share 50% of their genes.
85. You can extract DNA at home from fruit and even your own cheek cells.
86. DNA is used to determine the pedigree for livestock or pets.
87. DNA is used in wildlife forensics to identify endangered species and people who hunt them
(poachers).
88. DNA is used in identify victims of accidents or crime.
89. DNA is used to exonerate innocent people who've been wrongly convicted.
90. Many countries, including the US and UK, maintain a DNA database of convicted criminals.
91. The CODIS databank (COmbined DNA Index System) is maintained by the BI and has DNA
profiles of convicted criminals.
92. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to amplify a sample of DNA so that there are more
copies to analyze.
93. We eat DNA every day.
94. DNA testing is used to authenticate food like caviar and fine wine.
95. DNA is used to determine the purity of crops.
96. Genetically modified crops have DNA from another organism inserted to give the crops
properties like pest resistance.
97. Dolly the cloned sheep had the same nuclear DNA as its donor mom but its mitochondrial
DNA came from from the egg mom. (Does that make any sense?)
98. People like to talk about DNA even if it bears no relation to science or reality.
99. A group of bloggers who write regularly about DNA and genetics have banded together to
form The DNA Network.
100. Lists about DNA can get a little boring.

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Lets Unite Bio Sciences Professionals | We are under threat

Dear Friends,

Today we are forced to write this!!

Yes!! We are under threat

Our Bio Sciences Community is being constantly lured by the high paying jobs available in other sectors such as IT. Many of the talented professionals from our field are making a switch to the IT/Alied sector. And we cannot sit back and do nothing. All those who have a myth that Other sectors pay you higher then they must know that there you get a Job and not a career. That is you may get a job but there will be no growth, no professional achievement. All your life you will be treated as an underdog.

In a recent survey of a IT Company's Bio Sciences staff we found that 90% professionls again wanted to come back to BioSciences field since there was no career growth in IT sector for them.

Our Younger Generation is Lacking Awareness about this field !!

Friends, we all need to create awareness that Bio Sciences is a very important field and this world may not have existed if Bio Sciences was not there. Bio Sciences is the mother of Pharmaceutical siences and BioTechnology. Be it Botany, Zoology, Biotech, Microbio, Biochem, Mol Bio, immunology, Bioinformatics, every field is very important. Bio Sciences is not a field which is opted by people who are scared of mathematics rather its a bunch of bio engineers who make life simpler & healthier for the rest of the population.

Are BioSciences jobs scarce?

If some one says you that BioSciences gives you lesser job opportunities then the actual fact is BioSciences is a knowledge based science. No one with just 6 months training can do it. It requires passion and dedication.

Some stats:

• Every Month BioTecNika posts: 600+ JRF/SRF vacancies
• That means 7200+ JRF Vacancies/year
• Every Month We post 100+ Company Jobs which means 1200+ jobs in various Companies

That means 8400+ jobs are up for grabs every year. All you need is passion, dedication and continued efforts to counter every situation.

Is Entpreneurship an Answer?

The Answer is Yes. One of the Most Important ways to Overcome this scarcity of jobs is through Entrepreneurship. So if any one among you are planning to open up your own Biotech/ Agri Biotech Company then do let us know and we will do our best to assist you.

Are the Posts Fixed?

we have come across many of complaints where the post was fixed or the under talented candidate was appointed due to red tapism.

How to fix this issue?

Friends all this is happening because we are not united! Not united against this corruption! Not comitted towards our very own field.

Lets Get United!!

Yes we need to get united no mater what!! So we urge every one of you to invite all your friends to BioTecNika and helps us expand this community. Once we are united we can make things possible.

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Chemistry Of Cooking - - - A Biochemist Explains The Chemistry Of Cooking

A biochemist and cook explains that cooking is all about chemistry and knowing some facts can help chefs understand why recipes go wrong. Because cooking is essentially a series of chemical reactions, it is helpful to know some basics. For example, plunging asparagus into boiling water causes the cells to pop and result in a brighter green. Longer cooking, however, causes the plant's cell walls to shrink and releases an acid. This turns the asparagus an unappetizing shade of grey.
 

You love to cook, but have you whipped up some disasters? Even the best recipes can sometimes go terribly wrong. A nationally recognized scientist and chef says knowing a little chemistry could help.

Long before she was a cook, Shirley Corriher was a biochemist. She says science is the key to understanding what goes right and wrong in the kitchen.

"Cooking is chemistry," said Corriher. "It's essentially chemical reactions."

This kind of chemistry happens when you put chopped red cabbage into a hot pan. Heat breaks down the red anthocyanine pigment, changing it from an acid to alkaline and causing the color change. Add some vinegar to increase the acidity, and the cabbage is red again. Baking soda will change it back to blue.

Cooking vegetables like asparagus causes a different kind of reaction when tiny air cells on the surface hit boiling water.

"If we plunge them into boiling water, we pop these cells, and they suddenly become much brighter green," Corriher said.

Longer cooking is not so good. It causes the plant's cell walls to shrink and release acid.

"So as it starts gushing out of the cells, and with acid in the water, it turns cooked green vegetables into [a] yucky army drab," Corriher said.

And that pretty fruit bowl on your counter? "Literally, overnight you can go from [a] nice green banana to an overripe banana," Corriher said.

The culprit here is ethylene gas. Given off by apples and even the bananas themselves, it can ruin your perfect fruit bowl -- but put an apple in a paper bag with an unripe avocado, and ethylene gas will work for you overnight.

"We use this as a quick way to ripen," Corriher said. Corriher says understanding a little chemistry can help any cook.

"You may still mess up, but you know why," she said. When it works, this kind of chemistry can be downright delicious.

WHAT ARE ACIDS AND BASES? An acid is defined as a solution with more positive hydrogen ions than negative hydroxyl ions, which are made of one atom of oxygen and one of hydrogen. Acidity and basicity are measured on a scale called the pH scale. The value of freshly distilled water is seven, which indicates a neutral solution. A value of less than seven indicates an acid, and a value of more than seven indicates a base. Common acids include lemon juice and coffee, while common bases include ammonia and bleach.

WHY DOES FOOD SPOIL? Processing and improper storage practices can expose food items to heat or oxygen, which causes deterioration. In ancient times, salt was used to cure meats and fish to preserve them longer, while sugar was added to fruits to prevent spoilage. Certain herbs, spices and vinegar can also be used as preservatives, along with anti-oxidants, most notably Vitamins C and E. In processed foods, certain FDA-approved chemical additives also help extend shelf life.

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Younger Brains Are Easier to Rewire -- Brain Regions Can Switch Functions

Younger Brains Are Easier to Rewire -- Brain Regions Can Switch Functions
A new paper from MIT neuroscientists, in collaboration with Alvaro Pascual-Leone at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, offers evidence that it is easier to rewire the brain early in life. The researchers found that a small part of the brain's visual cortex that processes motion became reorganized only in the brains of subjects who had been born blind, not those who became blind later in life.

The new findings, described in the Oct. 14 issue of the journal Current Biology, shed light on how the brain wires itself during the first few years of life, and could help scientists understand how to optimize the brain's ability to be rewired later in life. That could become increasingly important as medical advances make it possible for congenitally blind people to have

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Cleaning Infected Blood - Biologists Develop Machine To Remove Viruses From Blood

infectious disease experts designed a machine called the hemopurifier. It works much like a dialysis machine, using thin fibers to capture and remove viruses from the blood it filters. The machine requires the drawing of blood through an artery, which is sent through a tube into the machine, then back into the body. It can treat a number of illnesses.

Every day, 14,000 people are infected with HIV, the virus that leads to AIDs. There's no cure, but now a breakthrough -- a machine that could clean blood, keeping more and more people alive longer.

"I remember lying in bed thinking, 'I am going to die. I'm going to die. I feel so sick.' And I remember thinking laying in that bed, 'And I know exactly what it is,'" HIV patient John Paul Womble, told Ivanhoe. HIV could kill Womble. He watched his father die from the virus and now he is living

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Mumbai Boy won a reality TV show to fund his dream stem cell research

Caezaan Keshvani is currently enrolled in university in New York, USA. Before he began his PhD programme at SUNY Upstate Medical University in Syracuse, he studied at University of Sheffield, UK. What made this all possible for this bright young man who had all but given up hope of ever studying abroad? Winning a reality television show.

Raised in Mumbai, Caezaan's story is a little different from the thousands of Indian students who head abroad each year. After completing his CIE A levels, he planned to head abroad to study. As he planned his next step, tragedy struck. His father, a doctor, was seriously injured in the train bomb blasts in Mumbai in 2006 and most of the family savings were used up for the multiple surgeries he had to undergo. As his study abroad hopes gradually dwindled, Caezaan learned of a reality show that offered the winner a 100-per cent

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Antibodies with More “Hang Time” May Give Researchers a Jump on New HIV Vaccine Strategy

Researchers are inching their way toward a new HIV vaccine strategy by studying the cells of people who have naturally—and bafflingly—strong immune defenses against the virus.

Last year, Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Michel C. Nussenzweig's team figured out how to isolate key immune cells from rare individuals who are HIV-positive but carry very low levels of the virus in their blood and have only mild, if any, symptoms.

That study found that these individuals produce a diverse army of antibodies—blood proteins that go after foreign invaders—to target HIV particles from multiple angles.

Now, the team has discovered that some of these so-called 'broadly neutralizing antibodies' are versatile in another way: a single antibody can bind to two structurally distinct sites on an HIV particle at once. The findings are published in the September 29, 2010 issue of the journal Nature.

Although neutralizing antibodies cannot cure HIV once an individual is infected, experiments in primates

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