acquired immune response: Immunity mediated by lymphocytes and characterized by antigen-specificity and memory.
acute phase proteins: Serum proteins, mostly produced in the liver, which rapidly change in concentration (some increase, some decrease) during the initiation of an inflammatory response.
adjuvant: Any substance which nonspecifically enhances the immune response to antigen.
affinity (intrinsic affinity): The strength of binding (affinity constant) between a receptor (e.g. one antigen-binding site on an antibody) and a ligand (e.g. epitope on an antigen).
affinity chromatography: The use of immobilized antibody (or antigen) to select specific antigen (or antibody) from a mixture. The purified ligand is then released by disrupting for antibody–antigen interaction, for example by changing the pH.
allele: Variants of a polymorphic gene at a given genetic locus.
allelic exclusion: The phenomenon whereby, following successful rearrangement of one allele of an antigen receptor gene, rearrangement of the other parental allele is suppressed, thereby ensuring each lymphocyte expresses only a single specificity of antigen receptor (although this does not occur for a chains in T-cells).
allergen: An antigen which causes allergy.
allergy: IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, e.g. asthma, eczema, hayfever and food allergy.
allogeneic: Refers to the genetic differences between individuals of the same species.
allograft: Tissue or organ graft between allogeneic individuals.
allotype: An allelic variant of an antigen which, because it is not present in all individuals, may be immunogenic in members of the same species which have a different version of the allele.
alternative pathway (of complement activation): Activation pathway involving complement components C3, Factor B, Factor D and Properdin which, in the presence of a stabilizing activator surface such as microbial polysaccharide, generates the alternative pathway C3 convertase C 3 bBb.
anaphylatoxin: A substance (e.g. C3a, C4a or C5a) capable of directly triggering mast cell degranulation.
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