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172. Based on the data, which of the following statements best describes the uptake of sucrose by these cells?
(A) Sucrose crosses the membrane by simple
diffusion.
(B) Sucrose is transported by a carrier-mediated
system.
(C) Sucrose transport is not dependent on Na+.
(D) Sucrose transport occurs by only one
mechanism.
(E) Sucrose is not transported into the cell under
most conditions.
173. The primary reason for testing the effects of CCCP is to determine whether
(A) the effect of Li+ is dependent on Na+
(B) a proton gradient is required for sucrose
transport
(C) Na+ transport occurs alone
(D) nonsaturable transport occurs
(E) K+ can substitute for Na+ in sucrose
transport
174. Which of the following is the best explanation for the effects of Li+ and K+ on the uptake of sucrose?
(A) These ions bind to sucrose and block its entry
into the cell.
(B) These ions decrease the net Na+ available in
the cells for cotransport.
(C) These ions uncouple the respiratory process
that generates energy for the uptake of
sucrose.
(D) These ions are not transported rapidly by the
Na+/sucrose cotransporter system.
(E) These ions are allosteric effectors of the
sucrose transporter system.
Questions 182-185 refer to the following model as an example of adaptive radiation and species diversification.
1．Describe the similarities and differences in the cycling of Gs
and Ras between the active and inactive forms.
2. Some integral membrane enzymes depend upon the lipids in their microenvironment not only for scaffolding, but for enzymatic activity. The Na+-K+ ATPase is one example. Please design an experiment to test the influence of membrane fluidity on the velocity of the Na+-K+ ATPase.
3. a. The average molecular weight of proteins in the cell is about 30,000 daltons. A few proteins, however, are very much larger. The largest known polypeptide chain made by any cell is a protein called titin (made by muscle cells), and it has a molecular weight of 3,000,000 daltons. Estimate how long it will take a muscle cell to translate an mRNA coding for titin (assume the average molecular weight of an amino acidto be 120, and a translation rate of two amino acids per second for eucaryotic cells).
b. Transcription occurs at a rate of about 30 nucleotides per second. Is it possible to calculate the time required to synthesize a titin mRNA from the information given here?
4. What is the advantage of having an extracellular signal transmitted by a cascade of sequential events?
5. Heating of calf type I collagen fibers to 450C denatures the triple helices and separates the three chains from each other. Collagen that has been treated in this way does not renature to form a normal collagen triple helix. Why?acquired immune response: Immunity mediated by lymphocytes and characterized by antigen-specificity and memory.
acute phase proteins: Serum proteins, mostly produced in the liver, which rapidly change in concentration (some increase, some decrease) during the initiation of an inflammatory response.
adjuvant: Any substance which nonspecifically enhances the immune response to antigen.
affinity (intrinsic affinity): The strength of binding (affinity constant) between a receptor (e.g. one antigen-binding site on an antibody) and a ligand (e.g. epitope on an antigen).
affinity chromatography: The use of immobilized antibody (or antigen) to select specific antigen (or antibody) from a mixture. The purified ligand is then released by disrupting for antibody–antigen interaction, for example by changing the pH.
allele: Variants of a polymorphic gene at a given genetic locus.
allelic exclusion: The phenomenon whereby, following successful rearrangement of one allele of an antigen receptor gene, rearrangement of the other parental allele is suppressed, thereby ensuring each lymphocyte expresses only a single specificity of antigen receptor (although this does not occur for a chains in T-cells).
allergen: An antigen which causes allergy.
allergy: IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, e.g. asthma, eczema, hayfever and food allergy.
allogeneic: Refers to the genetic differences between individuals of the same species.
allograft: Tissue or organ graft between allogeneic individuals.
allotype: An allelic variant of an antigen which, because it is not present in all individuals, may be immunogenic in members of the same species which have a different version of the allele.
alternative pathway (of complement activation): Activation pathway involving complement components C3, Factor B, Factor D and Properdin which, in the presence of a stabilizing activator surface such as microbial polysaccharide, generates the alternative pathway C3 convertase C 3 bBb.
anaphylatoxin: A substance (e.g. C3a, C4a or C5a) capable of directly triggering mast cell degranulation.
Forensic scientists of the future may soon have a new tool at their disposal. Given a drop of blood, researchers in the Netherlands have roughly determined the age of the person it came from. But for now, it really is rough–the researchers found they could only estimate a person's age to within 9 years.
Currently, a crime scene investigator who obtained a spot of blood can check its DNA to see if it matches a known suspect or someone in a law enforcement database, and can use the DNA to determine a few other characteristics like gender and eye color. But age is tougher to estimate. Lead researcher Manfred Kayser, who works on forensic molecular biology at Erasmus University Medical Centre, explains that the best methods of determining age rely on testing bones or teeth, but he wanted to find a method that didn't require skeletal remains.
While scouring the scientific literature for a molecular signature of age present in blood, Kayser and his team realized that the organ that pumps out T cells, the thymus, is gradually replaced with fat tissue as people age. Previous research has shown that this process leaves behind genetic artefacts. For the study, published in Current Biology, the researchers examined the T-cells of 195 Dutch volunteers who ranged in age from a few weeks old to 80 years old. They found that they could reliably estimate a person's age to within 9 years not only in fresh blood samples, but also in samples that were a year and a half old.
Kayser doesn't expect that simply identifying a suspect's age, give or take a decade, will break open many cold cases. But the technique could be combined with other sources of evidence to rule suspects in or out. The approach could also help investigators to identify victims from disasters, he says. Field ecologists could adopt the technique to identify the ages of animals based on blood that they leave behind
Q.8 Father of bacteriology & protozoology is
(a) Antonym von leeuwenhoek
(b) John needham
(c) Alexender fluming
(d) Bordet
Q.9 Penicillium is extracted from:
(a) Penicillium crysogenum
(b) Penicillium notatum
(c) Aspergillus niger
(d) yeast
Q.10 tubercli bacilli is discovered by:
(a) Iwanowasky
(b) P.Eherilich
(c) Robert koch
(d) none of these
Q.11 Soil microbiology deals with the :
(a) Study of soil
(b) Study of bacteria
(c) Study of fungi
(d) none of these
Q.12 Anitgen- antibody reaction with micro-organisms deals with:
(a) Immunology
(b) Biochemistry
(c) Molecular biology
(d) R-DNA technology
Q.13 Modern biotechnology involves;
(a) Manupulation of micro-organisms
(b) Cutting of micro-organisms
(c) Study of micro-organisms
(d) All of the above
Q.14 CDC understand for :
(a) Center for disease control
(b) Center for drug control
(c) Causative drug control
(d) None of the above
Q15. HB Vaccine s used for ;
(a) HIV
(b) HBV
(c) HB
(d) HBA
Q.16. Electromagnetic field is generated in
(a) Electronic balance
(b) Analytical balance
(c) Physical balance
(d) All of the above
Q.17. R.P.M. understands for
(a) Rotation per minute
(b) Rotation per motion
(c) Rock per motion
(d) None of the above
Q18. The Elecron have wavelength around
(a) 4-5 n.m.
(b) 0.4-0.5n.m.
(c) 0.2-0.3n.m.
(d) 0.04-0.05n.m.
Q19. New glasswares are slightly alkaline so soak in:
(a) 5% Hcl
(b) 5% NaOH
(c) 2% Hcl
(d) 2% NaOH
Q20. 3% Lysol is used for the clearing of
(a) Pasteur pipette
(b) Test tube
(c) Centrifuge tube
(d) Graduated pipette
Q21. The population of micro-organism that inhibit skin & mucous membranes of normal healthy persons is called:
(a) Natural flora
(b) Normal flora
(c) Normal microbiota
(d) All of the above
Q22. Which of the following bacteria consititutes the normal flora of intestine of man?
(a) E. Coli
(b) H. Influenzae
(c) Salmonella
(d) Campylobacter Jejuni
Q23. Respiratry infection is transmitted by
(a) Contect
(b) Inhalation
(c) Igestion
(d) Inoculation
Q24. Ingestion is the
(a) Exogenous route
(b) Endogenus route
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
Q25. The definition of chronic is
(a) Persist for a long duration
(b) Persist for a short duration
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
Q26. What is the meaning of Fulminating
(a) Occur initially with severe intemity
(b) Occur suddenly with severe intemity
(c) Short term effective
(d) None of the above
Q27. Influenza virus attached to the specific mucoprotein receptors with the help of
(a) Haemagglutinin spokes
(b) Neuraminadase Spikes
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
Q28. Some micro-organisms produce poisonous substances known as:
(a) Enzymes
(b) Toxins
(c) Coagulator
(d) Hyluronidase
Q.29 Algarian race of sheep is immune to :
(a) Anthrax
(b) E. Coli
(c) Samomella
(d) Shigella
Q.30 Aquired immunity is called
(a) Natural
(b) Adaptive
(c) Racial
(d) none of these
Q31. The unit of measurement of becteria is
(a) Micro
(b) Micrometer
(c) Nano meter
(d) Picometer
Q32. Which is the biochemical test of bacteria
(a) Catalase
(b) Staining
(c) Morphology
(d) None of these
Q33. Which is sexual spore
(a) Sporengoi spore
(b) Oospore
(c) Both
(d) None of these
Q4. Which is asexual spore
(a) Conidia
(b) Arthrospore
(c) Sporangio spore
(d) All of above
Q35. Simmon's citrate agar is used for the testing of
(a) Citrate utilization
(b) Nitrate reduction
(c) Casein hydrolysis
(d) None of the above
Q36. 0.5% a-naphthylamine is used in the
(a) Citrate utilization
(b) Nitrate reduction
(c) Casein hydrolysis
(d) None of the above
14P-4
Q37. Sulpher is decomposed to form-----by bacteria
(a) H2S
(b) H2O
(c) H2A
(d) H2B
Q38. Indole is break down product of
(a) Typton
(b) Tryptophan
(c) Both
(d) None of these
Q39. Glucose fermentation is tested by test
(a) HR
(b) VR
(c) VDRL
(d) RL
Q40. Reagent used in catalase test is
(a) H2O
(b) H2O2
(c) H2S2
(d)HS2
Q41. Coagulase test is for differentiation of
(a) Streptococcus
(b) Staphylococcus
(c) Both
(d) None of these
Q42. Micrococci are
(a) Gram +ve (b) Gram-ve
(c) Both (d)None of these
Q43. Stephylococus grows on pH+
(a) 7.4
(b) 7.6
(c) 7.4 – 7.6
(d) 7.6 – 7.8
Q44. Corynebacteria are
(a) Nonacid fast
(b) Acid fast
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
Q45. Haemolytic activity present in
(a) Nutrient agar plate
(b) Mac Conkey's agar plate
(c) Blood agar plate
(d) None of the above
FROM---------
BHARAT AGRAWAL
