Biochemistry checklist for csir

1. Three compulsory lists that must be at your tips-

• · Ketogenic and Glucogenic amino acids.
• · Essential and Nonessential amino acids.
• · Basic, Acidic, Sulphur containing amino acids.

2. Regulatory Enzymes of pathways e.g.

• · Citrate synthesis in citric acid cycle.
• · Phosphofructokinase in Glycolysis.
• · Pyruvate dehydrogenase in Pyruvate Oxidation.
• · Pyruvate Carboxykinase in Gluconeogenesis.
• · Glycogen Synthase in Glycogenesis.
• · Phosphorylase in Glycogenolysis.
• · G6PD in PPP.
• · HMG CoA reductase in cholesterol synthesis.

3. Search for ATP estimates e.g.,

• · 8 ATP's per Glucose molecule in Glycolysis under aerobic conditions.
• · 30 ATP's per Pyruvate molecule entering citric acid cycle.
• · 129 ATP's per palmitate undergoing boxidation.

4. Look for regulatory molecules and feedback inhibitions e.g.,

• · Glucose-6-phosphate inhibition on hexokinase.
• · Citrate's inhibitory effect on phosphofructokinase 1.
• · Alanine's inhibitory effect on Pyruvate kinase.
• · Acetyl CoA's inhibitory effect on Pyruvate dehydrogenase.
• · Long chain acyl CoA's inhibitory effect on Acetyl CoA carboxylase.

5. Look for subcellular organelles where the reactions specifically occur.

• · Enzymes of citric acid cycle in mitochondrial matrix.
• · Enzymes of Glycolysis in cytosol.
• · Enzymes of pentose phosphate pathway in cytosol.
• · Enzymes of denovo synthesis of fatty acids in cytosol.
• · Enzymes of fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria.

6. Always have a clarity regarding precise role of various lipoproteins.

• · HDL is cholesterol scavenger.
• · Chylomicrons carry dietary cholesterol.
• · VLDL are vehicles of transport of triacylglycerol from the liver to extrahepatic tissues.

7. Vitamins and their role as coenzymes e.g.,

• · Thiamine in oxidative decarboxylation.
• · Niacin in dehydrogenase reactions.
• · Pantothenic acid in CoA.
• · Pyridoxal phosphate in muscle phosphorylase.
• · Biotin in carboxylase enzymes.
• · Vitamin B12 to produce succinyl CoA.
• · Folate in transfer of one-carbon units.

8. Products that accumulate in metabolic disorders e.g.,

• · Homogenisate in urine of Alkaptonuria patients
• · Phenyl acetyl glutamine in phenylketonuria.
• · Xanthurenate in Vitamin B6 deficiency.
• · Branched chain ketonuria in Mapple syrup urine disease.

9. Check for key enzymes responsible for Metabolic disorders e.g.,

• · Glucose-6-phosphates in von Gierkes.
• · Hepatic fructokinase in essential fructosuria.
• · Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in Galactosemia.
• · Cystathionine-b-synthase in homocystinuria.

10. Where NADH forms, where NADPH forms, where FADH2 forms, where substrate level phosphorylation occurs e.g.,

• · FADH2 in succinate dehydrogenase in citric acid cycle.
• · NADH in all degradative reactions.
• · NADPH in all synthetic reactions.
  
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Are your laboratory autoclaves actually working properly?

HERE IS AN INTERESTING STEP TO AUDIT YOUR AUTOCLAVE'S FUNCTIONING..SPECIALLY FOR STUDENTS..
U ALL KNOW that autoclave is a device which is used for sterlization(heat) at laboratory as well as industrial levels.This mode of Sterlization involves a heating ,a cooling, and a HOLDING period.The temprature and pressure during holding is 121 degrees centigrade and 121 psi .
BUT, are u sure that the sterlization u perform at your laboratories is good enough??..
Here is a checking trick for it. i came to know about it during my training at CENRAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,KASAULI.
We can use INDICATOR TAPES while autoclaving process.chemical indicator tapes have certain chemicals which undergo a specific colour change only if right temprature and pressure conditions are attained for the required holding period( 15 minutes)..
This information may not be that good but it was something new which triggered an engineering feel within me, and to the extent i should analyze things going around.

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Wisdom teeth useful after all, have stem cells

NEW DELHI: The good for nothing painful wisdom tooth may finally have some worth.

Doctors say the wisdom tooth, which is usually extracted, is a rich source of stem cells. The soft pulp inside the tooth contains a population of cells — known as mesenchymal stromal cells — which are similar to cells found in bone marrow, a common stem cell source.

However, unlike bone marrow, tooth pulp is more easily obtained, especially in wisdom teeth that most individuals get removed anyway, said Dr Franck Chaubron from the Institute Clinident Biopharma. Dr Chaubron, who was recently in the country to set up Stemade Biotech, India's first dental stem cell bank that will be launched in a month in Chennai, said international studies conducted with stem cells extracted from a wisdom tooth have shown tremendous promise in regenerating damaged bones, cornea and cardiac muscles.

"You don't necessarily have to remove the wisdom tooth to extract the stem cells from the pulp. Usually, the pulp has a million cells, 20% of which will be stem cells. It can be extracted from a person aged between 12 and 30. Dental stem cells are very easy to extract. They have high quantity of stem cells in them and can be applied for many regenerative applications," Dr Chaubron told TOI.

On Saturday, in a new study in the "Journal of Biological Chemistry" scientists from Japan's National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology confirmed that third molars — commonly known as wisdom teeth — are a valuable reservoir of stem cells.

"Thus everyone might be carrying around his or her own personal stem-cell repository should he or she ever need some," the scientists said.

The researchers, led by Hajime Ohgushi, collected tooth samples from three donors and managed to generate a series of stem cell lines which displayed varying degrees of "robustness but in some cases proliferated quite well, up to 100 times more efficiently than typical skin-cell-derived stem cells. The molar-derived cells also could differentiate into many other cell types including beating cardiomyocytes."

Shailesh Gadre, MD of Stemade, said, "We have also harvested excellent amounts of stem cells from children's milk tooth. Wisdom tooth extraction is a common medical procedure in developed nations. If done in a sterilised setting, we can freeze the cells in liquid nitrogen for years until needed by which time its new applications will be found by researchers working on dental stem cells."

Scientists say the dental stem cells are located in areas next to nerve and blood vessels within the pulp of the tooth. Stem cells are master cells of the body that are not yet specialised and differentiated for a particular function/organ or tissue application. These stem cells have been found in tissues such as brain, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin and liver.

They remain in a quiescent or non-dividing state for years until activated by disease or tissue injury.

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Now one blood group fits everyone

A new discovery was made by international scientific team who established a way to convert one blood group into another.

The finding can revolutionize medicine as it means there will be no lack of blood supplies. The study conducted by experts from University of Copenhagen published their results in Nature Biotechnology journal, where it is stated that O blood group can be a source for all the other blood types (A, B and AB).

If earlier the mistake of giving wrong blood group could lead to hazardous reactions from the immune system and in severe cases result in death, now all blood groups can be converted into one O group and used furthermore.

It is known that blood group of those who have A and B groups has sugar molecules that respond differently to other blood group. People AB blood group is the rarest one and their blood contains both antigens. Transfusion of the different than individual's blood group is a serious impact on the immune system and incompatibility may become crucial.

Studying more than 2,500 bacteria and fungi experts found proteins that can act as destroyers of sugar molecules. Scientists discovered bacterial enzymes from Elizabethkingia meningosepticum and Bacterioides fragilis that are able to remove sugar molecules from the blood cells thus making one blood match other blood groups.

After test trials new blood where A, B and AB blood groups will be converted into O group is anticipated to be used in hospitals.

The National Blood Service now has 40,000 of blood samples that can be enough for about five days.

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RFRI Jorhat Botany/Zoology JRF Vacancies
Title of the project with PI name: Assessment of insect pest problems of selected bamboo species in Assam and their management
PI: Sh. R. Raja Rishi
Junior Research Fellow (01)
Essential Qualification M.Sc. in Agriculture Entomology/M.Sc. Zoology with Entomology specialization/M.Sc. life Science.
Desirable qualification: Entomology background and knowledge in computer application
Emoluments: Rs. 12,000 + HRA as per rule
As Above Initially for one year which may be extended
The Posts are purely temporary. The Selected candidate may not claim for regular appointment at this Institute. The JRF, Field Assistants and Technical Assistants will have to assist the P.I. in doing the different field works. The walk-in-interview will be held on 8th July, 2010 (11.00 AM) in the Conference Hall, Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, Assam.
The Candidates are requested to report the reception between 9.30 AM to 10.30 AM and submit their applications on the prescribed format. Original Certificates must be produced at the time of Interview. Candidate may apply more than one post. The decision of the Director, RFRI, Jorhat will be final and binding in all the matter pertaining to screening, interview and final selection.

No TA/DA will be admissible for appearing in the interview.
Adress:
Rain Forest Research Institute
P. Box No. 136
Jorhat, Assam
Source: http://www.icfre.org/UserFiles/File/advertisement_job/RFRI-Recruitment-JRF-&-FA-280610.pdf

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Computational Bioscience - compbio.ucdenver.edu/ - Earn your PhD in Computational Bioscience at UCDenver.

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csir questions

CSIR Questions !

Todays set of Questions are:
1) ras mutations are inherited to next generation through?
(a) environmental factors
(b) germ line mutations
(c) somatic mutation
(d) spontanous mutation
(e) none

2) Aberrent activation of------- pathway can contribute to the oncogenicity?
(a) anaerobic
(b) mitogenic
(c) carboxylic
(d) aerobic
(e) all

3) Which tumor suppressor gene is most frequently mutated in human cancers?
(a) RB12
(b) TP53
(c) RB84
(d) TP13
(e) ALL

4) Name one prominent factor in the response that arrests the cell
cycle which is activated by P53?
(a) TP53
(b) p21
(c) P-RB
(d) P-APC
(e) RB21

5) p21 is synthesized due to the cell stress by inactivating---------?
(a) DNA repair
(b) cyclins/CDKs complex
(c) protein complex
(d) DNA transcription
(e) all

6) START usually occurs during?
(a) mid-S
(b) mid-G1
(c) end of S
(d) mid-G2
(e) end-G1

7) The most common form of a dominant negative mutant is one that
forms -------- protein containing both mutant and wild type subunits
in p53?
(a) monomeric
(b) homomeric
(c) heteromeric
(d) polymeric
(e) none

8) Tumor T antigens have a variety of function in --------- type of cycle
(a) translation
(b) lytic
(c) lysogenic
(d) translocation
(e) reciprocation

9) The important of the connection between tumorigenesis and loss of
apoptosis is also shown by the properties of the ----- oncogenes?
(a) RB
(b) bcl2
(c) bcl8
(d) p53
(e) all

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An HIV vaccine is the theoretical vaccine which would be given to
persons without HIV in order to vaccinate them against getting HIV,
the virus which causes AIDS. No effective vaccine against HIV exists.
As there is no known cure for AIDS, the search for a vaccine has
become part of medical approaches against the disease.
It has been known for many years that HIV is an extremely difficult
virus to render harmless, and no cure presently exists. Research into
a vaccine is one of several strategies to reduce the worldwide harm
from AIDS, with other approaches based upon antiviral treatments such
as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and social approaches
such as safe sex.
There is evidence that a vaccine may be possible. Work with monoclonal
antibodies (MAb) has proven that the human body can defend itself
against HIV, and certain individuals remain asymptomatic for decades
after HIV infection. More recently in 2009, a number of potential
candidates for antibodies and early stage results from clinical trials
have been announced by various teams. However these are early results,
and have either not been developed to the point of human testing, or
not fully peer reviewed and replicated by other teams, at this time.

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important formulas

1. Molarity M = moles of solute * 1000 / Volume of solution
2. Molality m = moles of solute * 1000/ Mass of solvent in grams
3. Normality N = Gram equivalent weight of Solute * 1000 / Vol of solution
4. Normality = molarity * molecular mass/ equivalent weight
5. Mole fraction x = Moles of solute / (Moles of solute + Moles of Solvent)
6. Mole fraction of solute + Mole fraction of Solvent = 1
   
7. For acids:Normality  = Basicity * Molarity
8. For bases:Normality = Acidity * molarity
9. **Molarity = p * d * 10 / Molar mass (p = mass percentage, d = density of solution). This formula is generally used in laboratories to find the molarity of acids as no molarity is mentioned on the bottles only the purity and density is mention.
10. Normality = p * d * 10 / Equivalent weight
11. m = 1000 * M/ [(1000*d)-(M*gram molecular mass) of solute]
12. **Dilution formula: M1V1 = M2V2 and N1V1 = N2V2
13. **Resulting molarity of a solution is determined by the formula:  M = M1 .V1 + M2 .V2 / (V1 + V2)
14. **x2 = m M1 / (100 + m M1)
    x2 = mole fraction solute, m = molality, M1 = molar mass of solvent)
15. m = 1000 x2 / x1M1   ( x1= mole fraction of solvent)
16. **x2 =M .M1 / [(1000d - M.M2) + M.M1] (M = molarity, M1 = Molar mass of solvent, M2 = Molar mass of solute)
17. M = 100d .x2 / (x1 . M1 +  x2 .M2)

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Used Biotech Instruments - www.cgenetool.com - PCR/RT PCR, DNA seq(ABI3730,3100) Storm860/Typhoon9400. Centrifuge

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